Spectroscopies: fluorescence, infrared, circular dichroism (CD), Raman, electron spin resonance (ESR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR; for aims other than structure determination, e.g. the study of conformational dynamics and interactions), ...
Real-time biosensing: based on: surface plasmon resonance (SPR), quartz crystal microbalance (QCM), plasmon waveguide resonance (PWR), interferometry (biolayer (BLI), dual polarization (DPI) or backscattering (BSI)), ...
Fast and ultra-fast kinetics: using for instance stopped-flow and temperature jump devices